About the Book

According to the improvement of human life over the centuries, we have observed many different aspects which are the signs of human mind’s growth.

The remnant of all improvement is the outcome of human being's observation from nature, and his/her analysis reflected in thousands of papers which are being used by millions of people worldwide so as not to repeat the mistakes of the past. Thus, it was a new beginning for the development of future generations.

As it has been proved without practice everything remains in a static state, so the way which makes the human to be dynamic is research which  must be practiced by mind to have a proper outcome, otherwise, it would not change any thing.

Long ago, for many years, mankind used its mind only to find the basic needs, but by the time according to its gradual perfection in its physical and psychological system, and by the environmental effects, human beings transferred and distributed in different places. By the change of time, physical and psychological changes took place in human being so that it could separate itself from other beings, and they came to know that they can bring about many changes in their life according to their gradual perfection and their concept of nature.

They created the rules for their life in order to make sense and discipline for their existence.

Long after, they started their discovery and research to save up the future generations. For each research and invention, they began to write many papers on various topics in order to be taken by the coming generations.

Therefore, this became to be a spark for human beings' improvement which changed it from static to dynamic state, and finally they turned up as analysts who could analyze the history in order to find the proper way for their future.

After the Middle Age, a new revolution occurred made physical ability and human force into logical behavior, and meanwhile many academies and institutes established by philosophers and mathematicians to make improvement for the betterment of society.

Advances in art, science, and philosophy took place in the eastern part of the Mediterranean Sea about 2,500 years ago. Greek philosophers were among the first in the West to explore nature in a rational way and to make educated guesses about the creation of the world and the universe. This is why Greece is often referred to as the birthplace of Western culture.

Some of the ancient philosopher’s speculations have successfully anticipated findings of 20th century science. The concept of atoms, for example, was first formulated by Leucippus and Democritus around 400 BC. Greek thought and values have been extremely influential throughout centuries and lasted until the present day.

The ancient Greeks viewed the world in a way that one would today perhaps describe it as “holistic”. Science, philosophy, and politics were interwoven and combined into one world view. Moreover, those who look carefully will find subtle, but intelligible parallels between early Greek philosophy and Eastern thought. More detailed portraits of Greek ideas and their contenders can be found in this book. So, read on and find out the beauty of intellectual development.

Finally, it must be added that the entire structure of the book is based on various research such as books, articles, papers, projects, etc., which have been listed in the end of the book.

Published in December 2008

Omid Reza Taheri

Researcher in

Cognitive Science   

And, Philosophy of Mind